feat(skills): 添加 nginx 管理 Skill — 站点配置、SSL、Let's Encrypt

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---
name: nginx
description: Nginx Web 服务器管理 — 站点配置、SSL 证书管理、反向代理、负载均衡、热重载、 Let's Encrypt 自动续期
---
# Nginx 管理助手
## 功能概述
本 Skill 提供完整的 Nginx 操作能力,包括站点管理、SSL/HTTPS 配置、反向代理、负载均衡、Let's Encrypt 证书管理等。支持直接编辑配置文件并热重载生效。
## 系统环境(用户环境)
```
系统:Ubuntu Linux
Nginx 版本:1.24.0
配置目录:/etc/nginx/
主配置:/etc/nginx/nginx.conf
站点配置:/etc/nginx/sites-available/ (可用) / sites-enabled/ (启用)
额外配置:/etc/nginx/conf.d/
SSL 模板:/etc/letsencrypt/options-ssl-nginx.conf
DH 参数:/etc/letsencrypt/ssl-dhparams.pem
日志路径:/var/log/nginx/error.log, /var/log/nginx/access.log
```
## 一、基础操作
### 查看 Nginx 状态
```bash
# 查看运行状态
sudo systemctl status nginx
# 测试配置语法
sudo nginx -t
# 查看已加载的配置
sudo nginx -T
# 查看版本和编译参数
nginx -V
```
### 启停管理
```bash
# 启动
sudo systemctl start nginx
# 停止
sudo systemctl stop nginx
# 重启(完全停止再启动)
sudo systemctl restart nginx
# 热重载(加载新配置,不中断连接)
sudo systemctl reload nginx
# 禁用/启用开机自启
sudo systemctl disable nginx
sudo systemctl enable nginx
```
## 二、站点管理
### 创建新站点
**步骤:**
1.`/etc/nginx/sites-available/` 创建配置文件
2.`/etc/nginx/sites-enabled/` 创建软链接
3. 测试配置:`sudo nginx -t`
4. 重载生效:`sudo systemctl reload nginx`
**示例 — 静态网站:**
```nginx
server {
listen 80;
server_name example.com www.example.com;
root /var/www/example.com;
index index.html index.htm;
location / {
try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
}
}
```
**示例 — HTTP 跳转到 HTTPS**
```nginx
server {
listen 80;
server_name example.com www.example.com;
return 301 https://$host$request_uri;
}
```
### 反向代理配置
```nginx
server {
listen 80;
server_name api.example.com;
location / {
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8080;
proxy_http_version 1.1;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
# WebSocket 支持
proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
proxy_set_header Connection "upgrade";
# 超时设置
proxy_connect_timeout 60s;
proxy_send_timeout 60s;
proxy_read_timeout 60s;
}
}
```
### HTTPS + SSL 配置
```nginx
server {
listen 443 ssl http2;
server_name example.com www.example.com;
# SSL 证书路径(Let's Encrypt
ssl_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/fullchain.pem;
ssl_certificate_key /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/privkey.pem;
# 使用 Certbot 提供的安全 SSL 配置模板
include /etc/letsencrypt/options-ssl-nginx.conf;
ssl_dhparam /etc/letsencrypt/ssl-dhparams.pem;
root /var/www/example.com;
index index.html;
location / {
try_files $uri $uri/ /index.html;
}
}
```
### 负载均衡
```nginx
upstream backend {
least_conn; # 最少连接优先
server 10.0.0.2:8080 weight=3;
server 10.0.0.3:8080 weight=2;
server 10.0.0.4:8080 backup; # 备用服务器
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name example.com;
location / {
proxy_pass http://backend;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
}
}
```
### 启用/禁用站点
```bash
# 启用站点(创建软链接)
sudo ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/mysite /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/mysite
# 禁用站点(删除软链接)
sudo rm /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/mysite
# 测试并重载
sudo nginx -t && sudo systemctl reload nginx
```
### 删除站点
```bash
# 1. 禁用站点
sudo rm /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/mysite
# 2. 删除配置文件(可选,保留备份)
sudo rm /etc/nginx/sites-available/mysite
# 3. 重载
sudo systemctl reload nginx
```
## 三、SSL / HTTPS 管理
### 查看已有证书
```bash
# Let's Encrypt 证书目录
ls /etc/letsencrypt/live/
# 查看证书到期时间
sudo certbot certificates
# 或者手动查看
openssl x509 -in /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/cert.pem -noout -dates
```
### 申请 Let's Encrypt 证书(Certbot
```bash
# 安装 certbot(如未安装)
sudo apt install certbot python3-certbot-nginx
# 为单个域名申请证书
sudo certbot --nginx -d example.com -d www.example.com
# 自动配置 Nginx(Certbot 会修改配置文件)
# 或使用 --nginx 参数让它自动配置 SSL
# 仅获取证书,不修改 Nginx 配置
sudo certbot certonly --nginx -d example.com
```
### 手动配置 SSL(已有证书)
在站点配置中加入:
```nginx
listen 443 ssl http2;
ssl_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/fullchain.pem;
ssl_certificate_key /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/privkey.pem;
include /etc/letsencrypt/options-ssl-nginx.conf;
ssl_dhparam /etc/letsencrypt/ssl-dhparams.pem;
```
### 强制 HTTPS 跳转
```nginx
server {
listen 80;
server_name example.com www.example.com;
return 301 https://$host$request_uri;
}
```
### 证书自动续期
Let's Encrypt 证书有效期 90 天,Certbot 安装后自动配置定时任务:
```bash
# 查看自动续期配置
sudo certbot renew --dry-run
# 手动触发续期
sudo certbot renew
# 查看续期定时任务
sudo systemctl list-timers | grep certbot
```
### SSL 证书检查
```bash
# 检查 SSL 配置是否正确
openssl s_client -connect example.com:443 -servername example.com
# 查看证书信息
openssl x509 -in /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/fullchain.pem -text -noout | grep -E "Issuer|Subject|Validity"
```
## 四、反向代理和 upstream 进阶
### 长连接 upstream
```nginx
upstream api_backend {
keepalive 32; # 保持长连接数
server 127.0.0.1:8001;
server 127.0.0.1:8002;
}
server {
location /api/ {
proxy_pass http://api_backend;
proxy_http_version 1.1;
proxy_set_header Connection "";
}
}
```
### 路径重写
```nginx
location /api/v1/ {
rewrite ^/api/v1/(.*)$ /api/$1 break;
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8080;
}
```
### WebSocket 代理
```nginx
location /ws/ {
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:9000;
proxy_http_version 1.1;
proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
proxy_set_header Connection "upgrade";
proxy_read_timeout 86400;
}
```
### 限制访问(IP 白名单)
```nginx
location /admin/ {
allow 192.168.1.0/24;
allow 10.0.0.0/8;
deny all;
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8080;
}
```
## 五、日志和调试
### 查看日志
```bash
# 错误日志
sudo tail -20 /var/log/nginx/error.log
# 访问日志
sudo tail -20 /var/log/nginx/access.log
# 实时查看访问日志
sudo tail -f /var/log/nginx/access.log
# 实时查看错误日志
sudo tail -f /var/log/nginx/error.log
```
### 查看连接数
```bash
# 查看 Nginx 进程连接数
sudo ss -s
# 查看连接状态
sudo netstat -anp | grep nginx
```
### 常用调试命令
```bash
# 完整测试并显示配置
sudo nginx -T
# 检查配置语法(不检查合法性)
sudo nginx -t
# 查看已启用的站点
ls /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/
# 查看默认 SSL 配置
cat /etc/letsencrypt/options-ssl-nginx.conf
```
## 六、工作流程
### 创建新站点(完整流程)
1. **创建目录**`sudo mkdir -p /var/www/example.com`
2. **编写配置**:在 `/etc/nginx/sites-available/example.com` 创建配置
3. **创建软链接**`sudo ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/example.com /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/example.com`
4. **测试**`sudo nginx -t`
5. **重载**`sudo systemctl reload nginx`
6. **如需 HTTPS**:执行 `sudo certbot --nginx -d example.com -d www.example.com`
### 修改站点配置(完整流程)
1. **编辑配置**`sudo nano /etc/nginx/sites-available/example.com`
2. **测试**`sudo nginx -t`
3. **重载**`sudo systemctl reload nginx`
4. **验证**:检查 `sudo systemctl status nginx`
### 启用 HTTPS(已有站点)
1. **申请证书**`sudo certbot --nginx -d example.com -d www.example.com`
2. **Certbot 自动**:修改配置文件,添加 HTTPS server 块,自动配置重定向
3. **验证**`sudo systemctl reload nginx && openssl s_client -connect example.com:443`
## 七、安全最佳实践
1. **使用 TLS 1.2+**ssl_protocols 仅启用 TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3
2. **使用 Certbot 配置模板**`include /etc/letsencrypt/options-ssl-nginx.conf`
3. **启用 HSTS**(可选):`add_header Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=31536000" always;`
4. **禁止显示 Nginx 版本**`server_tokens off;`(在主配置 http 块中)
5. **定期更新证书**:配置自动续期后无需手动操作
6. **限制请求方法**:仅允许 GET/POST/HEAD
```nginx
if ($request_method !~ ^(GET|POST|HEAD)$) {
return 405;
}
```
## 八、故障排查
### 配置测试失败
```bash
# 查看详细错误
sudo nginx -t 2>&1
# 查看错误日志
sudo tail -30 /var/log/nginx/error.log
```
### 服务启动失败
```bash
# 查看 systemctl 日志
sudo journalctl -xe --no-pager | tail -50
# 查看端口占用
sudo lsof -i :80
sudo lsof -i :443
```
### 502 Bad Gateway
1. 检查后端服务是否运行:`curl -I http://127.0.0.1:8080`
2. 检查 upstream 配置
3. 查看错误日志确认原因
### 证书过期
```bash
# 强制续期
sudo certbot renew --force-renewal
# 或者重新申请
sudo certbot certonly --nginx -d example.com
```