feat(skills): 添加 nginx 管理 Skill — 站点配置、SSL、Let's Encrypt
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xiaoshuai
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---
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name: nginx
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description: Nginx Web 服务器管理 — 站点配置、SSL 证书管理、反向代理、负载均衡、热重载、 Let's Encrypt 自动续期
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---
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# Nginx 管理助手
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## 功能概述
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本 Skill 提供完整的 Nginx 操作能力，包括站点管理、SSL/HTTPS 配置、反向代理、负载均衡、Let's Encrypt 证书管理等。支持直接编辑配置文件并热重载生效。
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## 系统环境（用户环境）
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```
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系统：Ubuntu Linux
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Nginx 版本：1.24.0
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配置目录：/etc/nginx/
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主配置：/etc/nginx/nginx.conf
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站点配置：/etc/nginx/sites-available/ (可用) / sites-enabled/ (启用)
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额外配置：/etc/nginx/conf.d/
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SSL 模板：/etc/letsencrypt/options-ssl-nginx.conf
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DH 参数：/etc/letsencrypt/ssl-dhparams.pem
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日志路径：/var/log/nginx/error.log, /var/log/nginx/access.log
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```
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## 一、基础操作
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### 查看 Nginx 状态
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```bash
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# 查看运行状态
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sudo systemctl status nginx
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# 测试配置语法
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sudo nginx -t
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# 查看已加载的配置
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sudo nginx -T
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# 查看版本和编译参数
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nginx -V
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```
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### 启停管理
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```bash
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# 启动
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sudo systemctl start nginx
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# 停止
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sudo systemctl stop nginx
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# 重启（完全停止再启动）
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sudo systemctl restart nginx
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# 热重载（加载新配置，不中断连接）
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sudo systemctl reload nginx
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# 禁用/启用开机自启
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sudo systemctl disable nginx
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sudo systemctl enable nginx
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```
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## 二、站点管理
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### 创建新站点
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**步骤：**
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1. 在 `/etc/nginx/sites-available/` 创建配置文件
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2. 在 `/etc/nginx/sites-enabled/` 创建软链接
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3. 测试配置：`sudo nginx -t`
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4. 重载生效：`sudo systemctl reload nginx`
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**示例 — 静态网站：**
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```nginx
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server {
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listen 80;
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server_name example.com www.example.com;
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root /var/www/example.com;
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index index.html index.htm;
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location / {
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try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
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}
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}
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```
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**示例 — HTTP 跳转到 HTTPS：**
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```nginx
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server {
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listen 80;
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server_name example.com www.example.com;
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return 301 https://$host$request_uri;
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}
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```
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### 反向代理配置
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```nginx
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server {
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listen 80;
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server_name api.example.com;
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location / {
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proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8080;
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proxy_http_version 1.1;
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proxy_set_header Host $host;
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proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
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proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
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proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
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# WebSocket 支持
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proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
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proxy_set_header Connection "upgrade";
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# 超时设置
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proxy_connect_timeout 60s;
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proxy_send_timeout 60s;
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proxy_read_timeout 60s;
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}
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}
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```
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### HTTPS + SSL 配置
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```nginx
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server {
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listen 443 ssl http2;
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server_name example.com www.example.com;
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# SSL 证书路径（Let's Encrypt）
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ssl_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/fullchain.pem;
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ssl_certificate_key /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/privkey.pem;
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# 使用 Certbot 提供的安全 SSL 配置模板
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include /etc/letsencrypt/options-ssl-nginx.conf;
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ssl_dhparam /etc/letsencrypt/ssl-dhparams.pem;
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root /var/www/example.com;
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index index.html;
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location / {
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try_files $uri $uri/ /index.html;
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}
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}
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```
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### 负载均衡
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```nginx
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upstream backend {
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least_conn; # 最少连接优先
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server 10.0.0.2:8080 weight=3;
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server 10.0.0.3:8080 weight=2;
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server 10.0.0.4:8080 backup; # 备用服务器
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}
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server {
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listen 80;
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server_name example.com;
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location / {
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proxy_pass http://backend;
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proxy_set_header Host $host;
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proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
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}
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}
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```
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### 启用/禁用站点
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```bash
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# 启用站点（创建软链接）
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sudo ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/mysite /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/mysite
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# 禁用站点（删除软链接）
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sudo rm /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/mysite
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# 测试并重载
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sudo nginx -t && sudo systemctl reload nginx
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```
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### 删除站点
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```bash
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# 1. 禁用站点
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sudo rm /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/mysite
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# 2. 删除配置文件（可选，保留备份）
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sudo rm /etc/nginx/sites-available/mysite
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# 3. 重载
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sudo systemctl reload nginx
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```
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## 三、SSL / HTTPS 管理
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### 查看已有证书
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```bash
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# Let's Encrypt 证书目录
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ls /etc/letsencrypt/live/
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# 查看证书到期时间
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sudo certbot certificates
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# 或者手动查看
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openssl x509 -in /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/cert.pem -noout -dates
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```
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### 申请 Let's Encrypt 证书（Certbot）
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```bash
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# 安装 certbot（如未安装）
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sudo apt install certbot python3-certbot-nginx
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# 为单个域名申请证书
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sudo certbot --nginx -d example.com -d www.example.com
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# 自动配置 Nginx（Certbot 会修改配置文件）
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# 或使用 --nginx 参数让它自动配置 SSL
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# 仅获取证书，不修改 Nginx 配置
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sudo certbot certonly --nginx -d example.com
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```
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### 手动配置 SSL（已有证书）
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在站点配置中加入：
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```nginx
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listen 443 ssl http2;
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ssl_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/fullchain.pem;
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ssl_certificate_key /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/privkey.pem;
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include /etc/letsencrypt/options-ssl-nginx.conf;
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ssl_dhparam /etc/letsencrypt/ssl-dhparams.pem;
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```
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### 强制 HTTPS 跳转
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```nginx
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server {
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listen 80;
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server_name example.com www.example.com;
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return 301 https://$host$request_uri;
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}
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```
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### 证书自动续期
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Let's Encrypt 证书有效期 90 天，Certbot 安装后自动配置定时任务：
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```bash
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# 查看自动续期配置
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sudo certbot renew --dry-run
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# 手动触发续期
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sudo certbot renew
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# 查看续期定时任务
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sudo systemctl list-timers | grep certbot
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```
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### SSL 证书检查
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```bash
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# 检查 SSL 配置是否正确
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openssl s_client -connect example.com:443 -servername example.com
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# 查看证书信息
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openssl x509 -in /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/fullchain.pem -text -noout | grep -E "Issuer|Subject|Validity"
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```
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## 四、反向代理和 upstream 进阶
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### 长连接 upstream
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```nginx
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upstream api_backend {
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keepalive 32; # 保持长连接数
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server 127.0.0.1:8001;
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server 127.0.0.1:8002;
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}
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server {
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location /api/ {
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proxy_pass http://api_backend;
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proxy_http_version 1.1;
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proxy_set_header Connection "";
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}
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}
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```
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### 路径重写
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```nginx
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location /api/v1/ {
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rewrite ^/api/v1/(.*)$ /api/$1 break;
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proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8080;
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}
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```
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### WebSocket 代理
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```nginx
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location /ws/ {
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proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:9000;
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proxy_http_version 1.1;
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proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
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proxy_set_header Connection "upgrade";
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proxy_read_timeout 86400;
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}
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```
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### 限制访问（IP 白名单）
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```nginx
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location /admin/ {
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allow 192.168.1.0/24;
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allow 10.0.0.0/8;
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deny all;
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proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8080;
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}
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```
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## 五、日志和调试
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### 查看日志
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```bash
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# 错误日志
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sudo tail -20 /var/log/nginx/error.log
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# 访问日志
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sudo tail -20 /var/log/nginx/access.log
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# 实时查看访问日志
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sudo tail -f /var/log/nginx/access.log
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# 实时查看错误日志
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sudo tail -f /var/log/nginx/error.log
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```
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### 查看连接数
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```bash
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# 查看 Nginx 进程连接数
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sudo ss -s
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# 查看连接状态
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sudo netstat -anp | grep nginx
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```
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### 常用调试命令
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```bash
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# 完整测试并显示配置
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sudo nginx -T
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# 检查配置语法（不检查合法性）
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sudo nginx -t
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# 查看已启用的站点
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ls /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/
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# 查看默认 SSL 配置
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cat /etc/letsencrypt/options-ssl-nginx.conf
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```
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## 六、工作流程
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### 创建新站点（完整流程）
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1. **创建目录**：`sudo mkdir -p /var/www/example.com`
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2. **编写配置**：在 `/etc/nginx/sites-available/example.com` 创建配置
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3. **创建软链接**：`sudo ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/example.com /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/example.com`
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4. **测试**：`sudo nginx -t`
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5. **重载**：`sudo systemctl reload nginx`
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6. **如需 HTTPS**：执行 `sudo certbot --nginx -d example.com -d www.example.com`
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### 修改站点配置（完整流程）
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1. **编辑配置**：`sudo nano /etc/nginx/sites-available/example.com`
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2. **测试**：`sudo nginx -t`
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3. **重载**：`sudo systemctl reload nginx`
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4. **验证**：检查 `sudo systemctl status nginx`
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### 启用 HTTPS（已有站点）
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1. **申请证书**：`sudo certbot --nginx -d example.com -d www.example.com`
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2. **Certbot 自动**：修改配置文件，添加 HTTPS server 块，自动配置重定向
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3. **验证**：`sudo systemctl reload nginx && openssl s_client -connect example.com:443`
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## 七、安全最佳实践
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1. **使用 TLS 1.2+**：ssl_protocols 仅启用 TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3
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2. **使用 Certbot 配置模板**：`include /etc/letsencrypt/options-ssl-nginx.conf`
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3. **启用 HSTS**（可选）：`add_header Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=31536000" always;`
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4. **禁止显示 Nginx 版本**：`server_tokens off;`（在主配置 http 块中）
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5. **定期更新证书**：配置自动续期后无需手动操作
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6. **限制请求方法**：仅允许 GET/POST/HEAD
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```nginx
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if ($request_method !~ ^(GET|POST|HEAD)$) {
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return 405;
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}
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```
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## 八、故障排查
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### 配置测试失败
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```bash
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# 查看详细错误
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sudo nginx -t 2>&1
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# 查看错误日志
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sudo tail -30 /var/log/nginx/error.log
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```
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### 服务启动失败
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```bash
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# 查看 systemctl 日志
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sudo journalctl -xe --no-pager | tail -50
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# 查看端口占用
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sudo lsof -i :80
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sudo lsof -i :443
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```
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### 502 Bad Gateway
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1. 检查后端服务是否运行：`curl -I http://127.0.0.1:8080`
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2. 检查 upstream 配置
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3. 查看错误日志确认原因
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### 证书过期
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```bash
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# 强制续期
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sudo certbot renew --force-renewal
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# 或者重新申请
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sudo certbot certonly --nginx -d example.com
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```
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